Almost every shallow-water coral reef ecosystem on Earth is now Critically Endangered, according to the first global assessment of its kind.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has found that 96% of the world’s shallow-water reef ecosystems fall into its highest category of threat, with nearly all those assessed facing an extremely high risk of collapse by 2075. 

The findings were released at the UN biodiversity conference (COP17) in Yerevan, Armenia.

It’s the first time coral reef ecosystems have been evaluated under the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems. The assessment draws on decades of observations and climate data, brings together more than 250 scientists and specialists, and covers reefs across more than 80 countries and territories.

Reefs are already experiencing significant degradation, but the authors stress there is still a window to act. Reducing pressures such as pollution, overfishing and habitat loss can help reefs build resilience as marine heatwaves intensify.

The stakes extend well beyond the water. Reefs support extraordinary marine biodiversity, protect coastlines from storms and erosion, and underpin fisheries, tourism and the livelihoods of millions of people. Their decline puts coastal communities and economies at risk.

Dr Grethel Aguilar, IUCN Director General, said: “Coral reefs are one of the clearest indicators of the ocean’s health. They provide food, shelter and breeding grounds for countless species, protect coastal communities, and sustain vital sectors such as fisheries, aquaculture and coastal tourism.”

She added: “Reefs are under pressure today, but with the right action, they can recover and thrive. Tackling climate change and halting further ocean warming will give them that chance. 

“Strategic investment and shared commitment can secure a future for coral reefs, while supporting the well-being and prosperity of the coastal communities that depend on them.”

Among those supporting global science initiatives with funding is the MSC Foundation whose own Super Coral Reefs Programme at Ocean Cay in The Bahamas works with local and international partners to identify heat-tolerant corals, grow them in underwater nurseries and develop restoration methods. 

The programme has successfully propagated the critically endangered elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata), a key reef-building species that provides essential habitat for marine life.

Daniela Picco, Executive Director of the MSC Foundation, said: “We invest in global coral reef science because understanding the scale of the challenges facing these ecosystems is essential to securing their future. At Ocean Cay, we are translating scientific research into practical action by working with partners to study resilient corals, advance restoration techniques and inspire both visitors and the next generation of marine scientists. Connecting knowledge with action gives coral reefs a stronger chance to endure and recover in the decades ahead.”

The Foundation’s Marine Conservation Center, which opened in 2025, supports coral research, propagation and education, and creates opportunities for Bahamian students and researchers to build marine science expertise. 

As marine heatwaves continue to pressure reefs, the Foundation is monitoring its nursery-grown corals, expanding scientific partnerships and investing in research, restoration and innovation.

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