Millions of people could find themselves subject to widespread displacement over the coming centuries driven by rising sea levels and the extensive loss and damage caused to coastal and island populations if we fail to redress efforts to limit global temperature increases to 1.5°C, a new study has warned.

Research led by the University of Durham and co-authored by the University of Bristol in the UK has argued that the suggested target limit of global temperature rises ought to be closer to 1°C if we are to save the world’s ice sheets and prevent a further acceleration in sea level rise.

A global effort was agreed upon in 2015 to keep global temperature rises to 1.5°C under the Paris Climate Accord. However, the most recent review suggests this does not go far enough. 

Teams from Durham and Bristol universities reviewed a wealth of evidence to examine the effect that the 1.5°C target would have on the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, which together store enough ice to raise global sea levels by almost 65 metres. 

The mass of ice lost from these ice sheets has quadrupled since the 1990s and they are currently losing around 370 billion tonnes of ice per year, with current warming levels of around 1.2°C above pre-industrial temperatures according to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report.

The study’s authors argue that further warming to 1.5°C would likely generate several metres of sea level rise over the coming centuries as the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt in response to both warming air and ocean temperatures. 

This, they state, would make it very difficult and more expensive to adapt to rising sea levels, causing extensive loss and damage to coastal and island populations and leading to widespread displacement of millions of people.

Jonathan Bamber, professor of Glaciology and Earth Observation at the University of Bristol has been measuring changes in ice sheets for several decades. 

“Recent satellite-based observations of ice sheet mass loss have been a huge wake-up call for the whole scientific and policy community working on sea level rise and its impacts,” he said. “The models have just not shown the kind of responses that we have witnessed in the observations over the last three decades.”

Currently, around 230 million people live within one metre of sea level and melting ice represents an existential threat to those communities, including several low-lying nations. Avoiding this scenario would require a global average temperature cooler than that of today, which the researchers hypothesise is probably closer to 1°C above pre-industrial levels or possibly even lower.

Further work is urgently needed, say the scientists, to more precisely determine a ‘safe’ temperature target to avoid rapid sea level rise from melting ice sheets.

The study’s lead author, Professor Chris Stokes from the Department of Geography at Durham University, said: “There is a growing body of evidence that 1.5°C is too high for the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. We’ve known for a long time that some sea level rise is inevitable over the next few decades to centuries, but recent observations of ice sheet loss are alarming, even under current climate conditions.

“Limiting warming to 1.5°C would be a major achievement and this should absolutely be our focus. However, even if this target is met or only temporarily exceeded, people need to be aware that sea level rise is likely to accelerate to rates that are very difficult to adapt to – rates of one centimetre per year are not out of the question within the lifetime of our young people.”

The international research has been published in the journal Nature Communications Earth and Environment and includes experts from the universities of Wisconsin-Madison and Massachusetts Amherst in the US.

Professor Stokes said: “Put another way, and perhaps it is a reason for hope, we only have to go back to the early 1990s to find a time when the ice sheets looked far healthier. Global temperatures were around 1°C above pre-industrial back then and carbon dioxide concentrations were 350 parts per million, which others have suggested is a much safer limit for planet Earth. Carbon dioxide concentrations are currently around 424 parts per million and continue to increase.”

Fellow co-author, Professor Rob DeCanto from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, specialises in computer simulations of Antarctica that reveal how the ice sheet might change under different warming levels.

“It is important to stress that these accelerating changes in the ice-sheets and their contributions to sea level should be considered permanent on multi-generational timescales,” he said. “Even if the Earth returns to its preindustrial temperature, it will still take hundreds to perhaps thousands of years for the ice sheets to recover.

“If too much ice is lost, parts of these ice sheets may not recover until the Earth enters the next ice age. In other words, land lost to sea level rise from melting ice sheets will be lost for a very, very long time. That’s why it is so critical to limit warming in the first place.”

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